Inspired by coral, perfected by 3D printing: The fuel cell that could change aviation
September 22, 2025
For decades, scientists have been searching for a way to make hydrogen fuel cells light and powerful enough to power aeroplanes or spacecraft.
The dream of sustainable flight often stumbled on a very practical problem: weight. Now, researchers in Denmark say they may have found a solution, inspired by coral reefs and butterfly wings.
A team at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) has built a radically new type of fuel cell that is not only light and powerful but also resilient enough to withstand extreme conditions. Using 3D printing and a design borrowed from nature, they have created what they call the Monolith — a ceramic fuel cell that could one day cut aviation’s reliance on fossil fuels and even power missions to Mars.
Why lightweight fuel cells matter for aviation
Every commercial jet today relies on petroleum-based jet fuel. A long-haul aircraft might need as much as 70 tonnes of it to cross oceans. If engineers tried to replace that fuel with lithium-ion batteries of the same energy capacity, the batteries would weigh more than 3,500 tonnes — far heavier than the plane itself. Simply put, it would never get off the ground.
Fuel cells, which generate electricity through a chemical reaction rather than combustion, have long been seen as a promising alternative. But traditional designs are too heavy: more than three-quarters of a fuel cell system’s weight comes from metal components used for sealing and connectivity, limiting them to stationary applications such as hospitals or data centres.
New 3D printed fuel cells take inspiration from nature
The DTU breakthrough comes from replacing that flat, heavy structure with something much more intricate. They turned to a mathematical form called a gyroid, found in coral, butterfly wings, and even soap bubbles. Gyroidal structures are lightweight yet incredibly strong, with a huge surface area relative to their size.
By 3D printing their fuel cells in this shape, the scientists created a fully ceramic design that eliminates the need for metal parts and fragile seals. They call it the Monolithic Gyroidal Solid Oxide Cell — or simply the Monolith.
“It’s the first to demonstrate the power-to-weight ratio needed for aerospace, while using a sustainable, green technology,” said Venkata Karthik Nadimpalli, senior researcher at DTU Construct and one of the study’s lead authors.
The Monolith delivers more than one watt of power per gram — an order of magnitude better than conventional fuel cells.
A ceramic fuel cell built for extremes
It is not just the power-to-weight ratio that makes the new design stand out. The gyroidal structure also improves airflow and heat distribution inside the cell, boosting efficiency and stability.
The DTU team put their prototype through punishing tests: rapid temperature swings of 100°C, switching between generating electricity and producing hydrogen, and long operation under harsh conditions. Each time, the Monolith held together, showing no cracks or separation.
That resilience could prove crucial for space exploration. NASA’s Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilisation Experiment (MOXIE), which recently produced oxygen from the Martian atmosphere, relied on equipment weighing more than six tonnes. The Danish researchers estimate their design could achieve the same result with hardware weighing just 800 kilograms — potentially saving billions in launch costs.
Simplifying solid oxide fuel cells with 3D printing
Conventional solid oxide fuel cells are complex to manufacture, requiring dozens of steps and multiple materials that wear out over time. By contrast, the Monolith can be built in just five steps, thanks to 3D printing.
“By eliminating metals and fragile seals, we simplify the system while making it more durable,” explained Professor Vincenzo Esposito of DTU Energy, another lead author of the study.
The researchers believe there is still room for improvement. Using thinner electrolytes, cheaper current collectors such as silver or nickel, and even more compact layouts could make the Monolith lighter and more affordable.
From labs to aircraft: the future of 3D printed fuel cells in aviation
Fuel cells are already familiar in hydrogen-powered cars, but the DTU breakthrough could open doors for aerospace, where energy density is critical. Aircraft, rockets, and spacecraft demand huge amounts of power but face strict weight limits. A lightweight, high-output fuel cell could be a game-changer.
The technology could also help stabilise renewable energy systems on Earth. Because fuel cells can switch between generating power and storing it as hydrogen, they could play a key role in balancing wind and solar supply with demand.
For now, the Monolith remains a research project. But its promise is clear: a fuel cell that is lighter, stronger, and more efficient than anything that has come before, built with the elegance of natural structures and the precision of modern 3D printing.
As Nadimpalli put it: “What once seemed impossible for aerospace may now be within reach.”
